An informal aspect of policymaking in which a powerful patron offers resources in return for support.

An informal aspect of policymaking in which a powerful patron offers resources in return for support.

• A. Anticlericalism
• B. Maquiladoras
• C. Ejidatarios
• D. Clientelism

Answer: (D)

Clientelism is an informal arrangement in which a powerful patron offers resources in exchange for political support. This pattern involves targeted rewards—jobs, money, services, or favors—given to attract and secure loyalty and votes, functioning outside formal policy processes. In Mexico and many other countries, clientelism has historically helped leaders build and maintain support networks by delivering tangible benefits to individuals or communities in return for backing. The other terms describe different phenomena—anticlericalism is opposition to church influence; maquiladoras are border-area factories; ejidatarios are members of communal landholding—none capture the idea of trading resources for political support.

Clientelism is an informal arrangement in which a powerful patron offers resources in exchange for political support. This pattern involves targeted rewards—jobs, money, services, or favors—given to attract and secure loyalty and votes, functioning outside formal policy processes. In Mexico and many other countries, clientelism has historically helped leaders build and maintain support networks by delivering tangible benefits to individuals or communities in return for backing. The other terms describe different phenomena—anticlericalism is opposition to church influence; maquiladoras are border-area factories; ejidatarios are members of communal landholding—none capture the idea of trading resources for political support.